Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil, then add the penne and cook until al dente, about 9 minutes. Drain and set aside.
While the pasta cooks, pat the shrimp dry with paper towels. Season with salt, pepper, and a pinch of paprika for color.
Heat a large skillet over medium-high heat, then add olive oil. When shimmering, add the shrimp in a single layer and sear for 2-3 minutes on each side until pink and opaque. Remove the shrimp and set aside.
Reduce the skillet heat to medium. Add butter and minced garlic, cooking for about 30 seconds until fragrant and golden, filling the kitchen with a savory aroma.
Pour in the heavy cream and stir constantly, allowing it to simmer gently for 2 minutes until slightly thickened and creamy.
Stir in the grated Parmesan cheese until melted and smooth, creating a luscious sauce that coats the back of a spoon. If it thickens too much, add a splash of pasta water to loosen.
Add the cooked penne to the skillet, tossing gently to coat each piece with the creamy sauce. Return the cooked shrimp to the pan and toss again, warming everything through for about a minute.
Finish with a squeeze of fresh lemon juice for brightness, and adjust seasoning with salt and pepper as needed. Remove from heat.
Serve immediately, garnished with extra Parmesan if desired, and enjoy the silky, flavorful shrimp Alfredo penne hot from the skillet.